![]() ![]() This study, in investigating the interactions of baseball managers and umpires, reinforces congruence theory-that baseball imitates the workplace. Presentations One Umpire Mechanics Two Umpire Base Mechanics Fast Pitch and Slow Pitch Plate Mechanics Lineup Card Management Safety Presentation DP/FLEX. ![]() We interviewed 12 umpires who call high school and collegiate games and categorized their findings into four themes: (1) when to approach umpires about a call (2) how to approach them (3) how umpires' age and experience affect their reactions to coaches and (4) how to show umpires respect. This study examines the success of those influence tactics-but from the umpire's perspective. The use of influence tactics and social power are standard in the workplace between managers and subordinates, managers and their peers, and managers and their supervisors. ![]() Barbuto's concept of influence tactics and the types of social power discussed by sociologists John R. This study serves as the sequel to our previous work that applied management and leadership theories in exploring the strategies baseball coaches use to contest an umpire's decision. But those confrontations have received scant attention by researchers who focus on the dynamics of the game. Their on-field confrontations long have been part of the game-and the outcome of those contests. Explained that a team who intends to utilize the DP/FLEX option advises the Plate Umpire and their opponent during the exchange of line-up cards at the pregame. Baseball managers and umpires don't always see eye-to-eye.
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